As Syria embarks on a fragile post-conflict journey, the establishment of human rights under its new regime is paramount. The UN is steadfastly pursuing accountability for those within the previous Assad regime who committed grave human rights violations. However, it must broaden its scrutiny to encompass the actions of the former al-Qaida affiliates and the newly formed Syrian government, Haya’t Tahrir al Sham (HTS), which is now led by Abu Mohammed al-Jawlani, recently renamed Ahmed al-Sharaa.
In a pivotal report dated 6 February 2025, the Independent International Commission of Inquiry highlighted numerous crimes perpetrated by HTS. Syria remains bound to its commitments under international human rights agreements such as the ICCPR and CEDAW, obligations that have long been neglected and now rest on the shoulders of HTS’s new leadership. The manner in which they engage with these issues will reveal the essence of their regime.
Globally, the importance of human rights fluctuates, with many areas experiencing their decline in prominence. Post-conflict nations often overlook a comprehensive approach to rights. Nonetheless, fundamental rights like property ownership and judicial independence are crucial for stability and must be prioritised in Syria to undermine the potential rise of warlords.
HTS faces significant challenges in stabilising post-conflict Syria but has access to international assistance. Local dynamics will ultimately dictate the nature of governance, shaping expectations as the regime anticipates elections in the next five years.
In February 2025, massive protests erupted in Idlib, fuelled by allegations of torture by HTS. Demonstrators demanded the release of political prisoners and governance reforms, directly challenging HTS leader Ahmed al-Sharaa’s authority, who emerged as the face of leadership following the Assad regime’s fall on December 8, 2024. Idlib, housing four million residents, serves as a critical testing ground for the emerging governance model.
The UN’s report from September 2024 condemned HTS for unlawful detentions, torture, and killings, with COI Commissioner Lynn Welchman stating, “We documented torture and executions of detainees held by Hayat Tahrir al Sham (HTS) in the northwest.” As protests surged, demands for political reform and the end of authoritarian rule resonated across Idlib, with citizens rallying against HTS’s brutal methods.
Ahmed al-Sharaa’s path to international support hinges on his ability to reform HTS’s reputation amidst growing calls for human rights improvements. The Syrian Network for Human Rights (SNHR) provides actionable insights for HTS, highlighting a troubling pattern of arbitrary detentions, recording 129 cases in January 2025 alone.
Tensions persist, especially as HTS confronts Kurdish groups over territorial disputes, signalling likely escalations in violence. Against this backdrop, the SNHR insists on the urgent need for legal frameworks to curtail arbitrary arrests and uphold citizens’ rights, particularly since the regime change following Assad’s ousting.
The HTS-led interim government boasts an ethnically diverse control that could appeal to nations like Australia, which advocates for social diversity and human rights. Previous humanitarian efforts included an influx of 12,000 Syrian minority refugees, a clear testament to Australia’s commitment to protecting vulnerable populations during the civil war. This dedication must continue to inform future engagements focused on human rights.
Australia’s influence can encourage HTS to permit independent monitoring of detention facilities, ensuring transparency and fairness in governance. Actions must be taken to prevent torture and enforced disappearances, while providing assurance of transitional justice for victims of oppression as discussions of a National Dialogue Process unfold.
Ensuring adherence to fair trial standards and eradicating violations of the ICCPR are essential, even as HTS grapples with the complex legacies of civil war. Monitoring the situation alongside diplomatic efforts and aid provisions is vital to guide international attention while laying the groundwork for sustained governance in Syria.
Post-conflict Syria struggles to restore human rights amidst new governance under HTS, formerly led by al-Qaida affiliates. The UN is pursuing accountability for past regime violations but must also oversee HTS’s actions. Protests in Idlib signify public demand for reform and peace. Australia and international actors advocate for human rights, stressing the need for legal frameworks and independent monitoring to ensure fair governance moving forward.
Syria’s post-conflict landscape is precariously balanced, with the new HTS regime facing immense pressure to establish and uphold human rights. The success of its governance will depend on its responsiveness to local demands and international expectations for accountability. Continued monitoring, diplomatic engagement, and advocacy for minor rights will be crucial as the nation strives for stability in the wake of devastating conflict.
Original Source: www.internationalaffairs.org.au
